Which of the following is NOT one of the core elements of deadly force decision-making?

• A. Environmental factors
• B. Ability
• C. Opportunity
• D. Intent

Answer: (A)

Deadly force decision-making rests on three essential factors: ability, opportunity, and intent. Ability means the subject has the means to cause harm; opportunity means they are in a position to act now; and intent means they want to cause harm. These three determine whether a threat is real and imminent. Environmental factors—things like lighting, weather, terrain, or distance—shape how you assess the scene and respond, but they aren’t themselves part of the core decision factors. They can influence perception and tactics, yet the decision to use force is grounded in ability, opportunity, and intent.