What are examples of deadly force?

• A. the use of a firearm
• B. the use of a flashlight at a low setting
• C. chemical agent spray
• D. empty-hand negotiation

Answer: (A)

Deadly force means using or having the capacity to cause death or serious bodily harm. A firearm clearly fits this definition because its use can rapidly result in fatal injuries, which is why it is the standard example of deadly force in training and policy. The other options do not inherently carry lethal intent or capacity: a flashlight is just a tool for visibility and isn’t intended to cause serious harm; chemical agent spray is typically categorized as a less-lethal option designed to incapacitate, though it can be dangerous in some contexts; empty-hand negotiation is about de-escalation and communication, not force. So the use of a firearm is the example that represents deadly force.